First

$ sudo apt install texstudio

Terminology

What is LaTeX?

• Content vs. Formatting
  • Content: What your document says.
  • Formatting: How your document looks.
• Typesetting: Formatting a document for printing.
• Markup: Special keywords that describe the structure of your document
• Word Processor: A program that manages content and formatting together (WYSIWYG)
• Compile: LaTeX reads a text file and generates a PDF. Its almost like compiling a program.

LaTeX is a markup language and compiler that typesets your document and generates a PDF.

Motivation

De-Motivation

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Our first document

Let’s fire up texstudio…

Note: You can create and compile your document without texstudio (I use vi and Makefiles)

But, texstudio has some useful features.

The pdflatex compiler

Let’s compile our latex without texstudio.

LaTeX commands

LaTeX’s markup consists of commands and environments.

Commands:

• \commandname[options]{argument1}{argument2}
• Examples:
  • \nabla: insert the del operator \(\nabla\)
  • \int: insert an integral sign \(\int\)
  • \begin{equation}: open an equation environment
  • \end{equation}: close an equation environment
  • \emph{some text}: add emphasis (usually itallics) to text
  • \section{Section Name}: create a section header
  • \frac{x}{y}: render a fraction \(\frac{x}{y}\)
  • \documentclass[10pt,letterpage]{article}: set the document class to article and use 10pt font on a letter page.

Environments:

• LaTeX “environments” are sections of text with some special context.
• They are identified with a \begin{environment_name} and \end{environment_name}

LaTeX commands

Lets:

• set the title
• set the author
• add a section
• add an equation
  • inline
  • on its own line
  • with a number

Equations: Math Mode

LaTeX has a “text mode” and a “math mode”.

In “math mode”, text is rendered as math…correctly

\[ y = mx + b \]

vs.

\[ \text{y = mx + b} \]

Some commands are only available in “math mode.”

There are multiple ways to activate “math mode”

• Single dollar signs: $y = mx + b$
• Double dollar signs: $$y = mx + b$$
• The equation environment
• The align environment

Equations

Inline math with single dollar signs, $y = mx + b$. The dollar signs open up "math mode"

Double dollar signs
$$y = mx + b$$
put the equation on its own line.

The equation environment will put an equation on its own line and give it a number

\begin{equation}
    y = mx + b
\end{equation}

The align environment (in the amsmath package) will align multiple equations,
and add numbers.

\begin{align}
    y & = mx + b \\
    mx + b & = y
\end{align}

The starred equation and align environments wont add equation numbers
\begin{equation*}

\end{equation*}

\begin{align*}
    y & = mx + b \\
    mx + b & = y
\end{align*}

We can also choose specific equations that we dont want to number
\begin{align}
    y & = mx + b \\
    mx + b & = y \nonumber \\
    y & = mx + b
\end{align}

Equations

Let’s:

• add Maxwell’s Equations \[ \nabla \cdot \vec{E} = \frac{\rho}{\epsilon_0} \\ \nabla \cdot \vec{B} = 0 \\ \nabla \times \vec{E} = - \frac{\partial \vec{B}}{\partial t} \\ \nabla \times \vec{B} = \mu_0\left( \vec{J} + \epsilon_0 \frac{\partial \vec{E}}{\partial t} \right) \]

• align these equations

• remove the numbers

• remove just one of the numbers

Cross-references

• We often need to reference a specific equation in our writing. We also need to reference sections or subsections, tables, figures, etc. These are cross-references.

• To cross-reference something, we have to

  1. label what we want to reference with \label{label_text}
  2. reference the label in your text with a \ref{label_text}

Lets:

• add reference to an equation
• add reference to a section

Tables

\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{ccc}
year &  make & model \\
\hline
1978 & Chevrolet & Suburban \\
1973 & Chevrolet & Monte-Carlo \\
1977 & Chevrolet & Silverado \\
1992 & Chevrolet & Camaro \\
\end{tabular}
\caption{\label{tab:cars} List of cars driven by Clark in high school.}
\end{table}

Let’s:

• Create a table
• Add a caption
• Reference it in our text

Figures

\begin{figure}
\\includegraphics[]{image.png}
\caption{\label{fig:fig1} This is a figure.}
\end{figure}

Let’s

• Create an image of a graph with Gnuplot
• Include it in a document
• Reference it in our text
• Update our graph

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LaTeX Libraires: Packages

• LaTeX has libraries that provide useful commands and/or environments.
• To use a package, we have to have it installed, and we have to include it.
• Many packages are installed by default.
• We include packages with the \usepackage{...} command

\documentclass{article}

\usepackage{amsmath}
...

Useful Packages

• amsmath:
• fullpage:
• geometry:
• siunitx: docs (in texlive-science)
• physics: docs (in texlive-science)
• hyperref: docs

amsmath, fullpage, and geometry

• We are already using amsmath, it provides the align environment
• The fullpage package makes the margins more reasonable.
• The geometry package gives use full control over the margins.

siunitx

siunitx is a packages for formatting units.

It solves the problem of formatting units inside of math mode correctly.

If your travel 60 m in 2 s, then your velocity velocity is $30 \frac{m}{s}$
($3000 \frac{ \text{cm} }{ \text{s} }$).
In 1 hour, you will have travelled

\begin{equation}
x = v t = 30 \frac{\text{m}}{\text{s}} \text{hr}
\end{equation}

If your travel \SI{60}{\minute} in \SI{2}{\second}, then your velocity velocity is \SI{30}{\meter\per\second}
(\SI{3000}{\centi\meter\per\second}).
In 1 hour, you will have travelled

\begin{equation}
x = v t = \SI{30}{\meter\per\second\hour}
\end{equation}

siunitx Examples

\SI{9.8}{\meter\per\second\squared}

\SI{100}{\degree C}

\SI{2.3e7}{\gram\per\meter\cubed}

siunitx Options

\usepackage[per-mode=fraction]{siunitx} will format units in fractions (instead of negative exponents).

physics

The physics package provides some useful commands for writing physcis papers

Derivatives:

• \dv{f}{x} =>
• \dv{x} =>
• \dv{x} f(x) =>
• \dv[2]{f}{x} =>
• \dv[2]{x} =>
• \dv[2]{x} f(x) =>
• \pdv{f}{x} =>
• \pdv{x} =>
• \pdv{x} f(x) =>
• \pdv[2]{f}{x} =>
• \pdv[2]{x} =>
• \pdv[2]{x} f(x) =>

Differentials

• df = \pdv{f}{x} df + \pdv{f}{y} dy => (not quite correct)
• \dd f = \pdv{f}{x} \dd x + \pdv{f}{y} \dd y =>
• \int f(x) \dd x =>

Vector Calculus

• -\grad \phi = \vb{E} =>
• \div{\vb{E}} = \rho/\epsilon_0 =>
• \curl{\vb{E}} = -\pdv{\vb{B}}{t} =>

Matrices

\begin{matrix}
a & b \\
c & d \\
\end{matrix}

\mathbb{A} =
\left(
\begin{matrix}
a & b \\
c & d \\
\end{matrix}
\right)

\vec{u} = \mathbb{A}\vec{v} =
\left(
\begin{matrix}
a & b \\
c & d \\
\end{matrix}
\right)
\left(
\begin{matrix}
e \\
f \\
\end{matrix}
\right)

hyperref

The hyperref package allows you to insert links to web pages in your document.

• \url{https://google.com} will create a link using the URL as its text.
• \href{https://google.com}{Google} will create a link using Google for the text.